Disease and Native American Demise During the European...

Disease and Native American Demise During the European Conquest of the New World The European conquest of the new world was most commonly attributed to the superiority of the Europeans in all the facets of their confrontation. They had the superior weaponry, and were thought to have a superior intellect. After all, they were just bringing civilization to the new world, right? It sounds nice when you are learning about Columbus in grade school, but the traditional story is pretty far from the truth. The truth is that the Europeans, when they discovered this was a brand new world and not the spice islands, sought to rape the land for its gold and natural resources and enslave the Amerindians (native Americans), who were regarded to†¦show more content†¦It is the type of disease you contract as a child, fight off, and develop an immunity for in adulthood. An example of this is chicken pox. Most Americans have suffered, or will suffer, from chicken pox as a child. One becomes sick for a little while, recovers, and never suffers from the disease again. Now wi th the differences between epidemic and endemic clarified, I will move on to the origins of disease. The origin of disease is a relatively easy idea to understand. Human beings on the planet went through a transition from nomadic, hunter-gatherers to the sedentary lifestyle by utilizing agriculture. This brought relatively small bands of people together into villages, which eventually became towns and cities. In Europe, the people not only used agriculture to feed their growing population, they also domesticated animals for a food source. As the population grew, the size of the herds of animals needed to feed the people grew as well. All animals carry disease and parasites, both in the wild and when they are domesticated. However, domesticated animals proved to be a breeding ground for disease. These domesticated animals were in close contact with the growing population of Europeans and it was not long before the disease was transferred to humans. The microbe, virus, or parasite only had to adapt to living in a human host. The process was relatively quick, and thus the epidemic dise ase was born in Europe. This was not true forShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Disease on Native American Culture1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Disease on Native American Culture Though warfare and attacks on entire villages took a definite toll on the populations of Native Americans, disease was by far the biggest killer. We’ve all heard the stories of smallpox infected blankets being given to the Native Americans, and other such atrocities, but I was simply dumbfounded at the actual numbers of dead due to Old World diseases being introduced to the New World, North America. 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The Colombian folklore has strong influenc es from  Spanish culture, with elements of  African  and  native American cultures. ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Relevancy This folkloric entities are present in the  carnivals and festivals  countrywide. The â€Å"Desfiles de Mitos y Leyendas†Read MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 PagesTamir Bar-On. Introduction: In Latin America, soccer is not a game; it is a way of life. It is mixed in with politics and nationalism. It defines social classes. How politically influential is soccer in Latin America? It is used by â€Å"various Latin American socio-economic elites in order to retard the acceleration of working class and popular discontent† (Bar-On 1997:1.8). Is it then not intriguing that women play no part in the scheme of things? 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Structure of Function of Plants Review - 1871 Words

Structure Function of Plants Review: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development I 1. How does the vascular tissue system enable leaves and roots to function together in supporting growth and development of the whole plant? 2. When you eat the following, what plant structure are you consuming? Brussels sprouts, celery sticks, onions, and carrot sticks. 3. Characterize the role of each of the three tissue systems in a leaf. 4. Describe at least three specializations in plant organs and plant cells that are adaptations to life on land. 5. If humans were photoautotrophs, making food by capturing light energy for photosynthesis, how might our anatomy be different? 6. Distinguish between primary and secondary growth. 7.†¦show more content†¦Suggest an explanation. 12. A scientist adds a water soluble inhibitor of photosynthesis to a plant’s roots, but photosynthesis is not reduced. Why? 13. Suppose an Arabidopsis mutant lacking functional aquaporins has a root mass three times greater than that of wild type plants. Suggest an explanation. 14. What are the stimuli that control the opening and closing of stomata? 15. The pathogenic fungus Fusicoccum amygdale secretes a toxin called fusicoccin that activates the plasma membrane proton pumps of plant cells and leads to uncontrolled water loss. Suggest a mechanism by which the activation of proton pumps could lead to severe wilting. 16. If you buy cut flowers, why might the florist recommend cutting the stems underwater and then transferring the flowers to a vase while the cut ends are still wet? 17. Compare and contrast the forces that move phloem sap and xylem sap over long distance. 18. Identify plant organs that are sugar sources, organs that are sugar sinks, and organs that might be either. Explain. 19. Why can xylem transport water and mineral using dead cells, whereas phloem requires living cells? 20. Apple growers in Japan sometimes make a nonlethal spiral slash around the bark of trees destin ed for removal after the growing season. This practice makes the apples sweeter. Why? 21. What factors influence symplastic communication? 22. How do plasmodesmata differ from gap junctions? 23.Show MoreRelatedTransporters Vary Between Eukaryote And Prokaryote Organisms Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages(LIVMYA), which is fix in between Walker boxes (Akifumi Sugiyama, et al, 2006) Plant ABC transporters uses different nomenclatures to shape plant ABC subfamilies, a consistent nomenclature with Human Genome Organization which are the more acceptable and useable method. Plant ABC transporters comes into eight subfamilies; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and I. However, ABCH not included within this group, as not yet identified in plant system (Verrier P J et al., 2008). 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Competitor Analysis Free Essays

We denote 793 stores in Canada as of December 2009 and 40. 6% of those stores are located in Ontario. Rivalry is moderate amongst different competitor in the market , as most of them are big and diversified companies who do not rely on the luggage market, Just like Canada Goose. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitor Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The market is highly fragmented with a large array of competitors , varying from big retail department stores to highly niched retailers. Less diverse retailers face greater competition to obtain and retain buyers compared to larger companies. The competition is eased by the fact that the market is growing , so that a company can grow its sales and revenues without affecting the overall market share proportions. All this makes the degree of rivalry moderate in this market. Direct competitors (Manufacturers their brands) (Specific market shares of direct competitors) Samsonite , Mulholland , Hartmann Brothers and Tumi , Louis Vuitton. Indirect Competitors The first major indirect competitor is the Japanese multinational AEON Co ltd. Aeon* is a retailing group of 169 companies operating lifestyle-enhancing retail and a variety of other services, from general merchandise stores and supermarkets, to fashion-conscious specialty stores, ? nancial services and amusement facilities. Their luggage brands are . The second major competitor is the Hudson bay company. The Hudson’s Bay Company is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world. Their luggage brands include Stuff by Hillary Duff , Sportek and Fields. Finally we have Aldo Group , a company created . Its main luggage brands are Aldo accessories and Spring. Appendix 1: Statistics Canada, Canadian Business Patterns Database, December 2009. How to cite Competitor Analysis, Essay examples

John Singleton Copley Example For Students

John Singleton Copley Biography Biography John Singleton Copley (1738–1815) John Singleton Copley was the son of an Irishman who died in the West Indies in 1737. As far as can be ascertained the artist was born on July 3d of the same year in Boston, whither his par ents had emigrated the year before. Ten years later the Widow Copley married one Pelham, who was a dabster at drawing and engraving, and from whom. his stepson doubtless acquired his first hints at art. We will write a custom essay on John Singleton Copley specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The youth of our first American historical painter, for such Copley really was, though his choice of subjects was anything but American, is involved in a singular obscurity. About all that is known of it is what he used to tell himself, and even he had but a vague idea of his earlier years. It is a toler ably well-authenticated fact, however, that he was the creator of his own art, and that he never saw a decent picture till -he had long learned to paint very fair ones himself. He began to paint, like Benjamin West, with colors and brushes of his own manu facture, and one of his pet yarns of his boyhood related to his being arrested for violating a Boston blue law by going sketching. on Sunday. He is said to have received a little instruction from a Scotch painter named Smybert, who came to America in I728, and died when Copley was fourteen; but whatever tutelage he obtained from him cannot have amounted to much. At any rate, in 1754 he was making some sort of a living as a painter and help ing to take the place, as provider, of his stepfather, who had died three- years before. He painted miniatures and acquired some repute, George Wash ington being one of his sitters in 1756. In 1760 he sent a portrait of his half-brother, unsigned and undated, to Benjamin West, in London. This was the picture known as The Boy.and the Flying Squirrel. West is reported to have gone into ecstasies over it. Contrary to the rules of the Royal Academy, which give anonymous works the cold shoulder, he had it hung there, and, ferreting out its author, invited him to London. But Copley did not accept the invitation. In 1769 he married the daughter of a Boston merchant, a great beauty, whose heart he had first assailed while painting her portrait, and who figures as the principal of the female group in the Death of Major Pierson. She brought him money and wealthy connections. They lived on Beacon Hill till 1771, when he came to New York. But the Revolution was im pending, and his father-in-lawwas a staunch Tory. It was to him, as agent of the East India Company, that the tea ships which the Bostonians raided were consigned. Between wife and father-in-law the artist was influenced, and in 1774 he sailed for England. West fathered and Reynolds patted him on the back, so the aristocracy took him in hand. He painted himself to Italy by the lords and ladies who found it fashionable to help the American artist along, and studied in Rome and elsewhere on the Peninsula tillhis wife, having sold their Boston property, crossed the At lantic after him, leaving on May 27, 1775, on the last ship that sailed from Massachusetts under the British fiag. Copley joined her in London and settled down there, never to see America again. He painted his Youth Resued from a Shark and his portraits and groups, on the strength of which he joined the Royal Academy, and took to historical painting. His Death of Chatham made a hit, and 2,500 impressions of the Bartolozzi plate, after it, were sold in a single run. But;he made far less money out of his historical pictures than he expected. They took up much of his time that he might have profitably employed in portraiture. The plates were costly, too, and Bartolozzi took his own time in executing them, so, altogether, Copley seems to have been hard up pretty much all the time. Still he had some fine business connections. .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .postImageUrl , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:visited , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:active { border:0!important; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:active , .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5129a81e09aab427f870f9c65d4e4cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jose de Ribera Biography Analysis EssayWhile in London all the wealthy or dis tinguished Americans sat for him; among them John Adans, whose picture is now in the University Hall at Cambridge. Per haps the best picture outside of his portraits is Copleys Death of Major Pierson. Heath engraved it, and it had an extensive sale. For The Siege of Gibraltar Copley went to Hanover to take the portraits of four of the generals of that country. This picture, completed in 1792, was engraved by Sharp SThe Sur render of Admiral de Windt to Lord Camperdown came a few years later. Copleys picture of Charles I Demanding the Five Impeached Members seems not to have been a popular on e, on account of the subject. But whatever he turned outcreated a sensation, in spite of which he had to draw chronically on his American relatives to eke out his income. The fact is,Copley was fond of style, and indulged his weakness. Down to the time of his death, in September, i8i5, he seems to have been on bad terms with his creditors constantly; but he, by all accounts, found great solace in his work, and whenever care pressed too heavily on him, turned to his easel and shook it off. The works this man is perpetuated by have stood the critical test of our expanding taste far better than many others of his day. I remember his Death of Chatham, in the National Gallery, as a peculiarly strong though conventional and certainly historically inaccurate canvas. Indeed, Copley took the most cold-blooded liberties with history whenever he fell foul of her. But, in com pensation, he painted with extraordinary smoothness and care, drew well, and finished conscientiously. His color was . rich, though somewhat sombre, and he had a keen eye for the harmo nies. A feature that struck me about his pictures was his mania for working up the hands in them. But in his day the old German theory held full force, that no man was an artist who could not draw a perfect hand, and the man who could paint a perfect hand was an artist. Altogether, it seems to me that Copleys standing is, assured beyond the possibility of shaking. He was the first American who lent any dignity to our art. He soared upward, in an age of portrait painters, almost to the level of legitimate history. The pictures he turned ouit in his American period were marvels when we consider the limited facilities from which they grew. When he got a chance to study he became conventional, it is true, but through all the studied precision of line and color which characterizes his latter productions there glows a certain suggestion of his early natural, though crude force. If Copley had been born a century later, I believe we would be looking up to him -as a great man to-day. The art interest of Copley expires with him. He left his heri tage of talent to no descendant, but his family has enjoyed a some what interesting history since. Heleft six children, all born in America. One daughter lived an old maid to the age of ninety five. His most noteworthy child was the son who became Lord Lyndhurst and High Chancellor of Great Britain. This boy, born on Beacon Hill, was bred an Englishman and a lawyer, and in I8I7 was elected to the House of Commons to represent Yarmouth. In his eighty-eighth year, in i86o, he was an active member of the Lords. Lyndhurst died in I863 with the title of the Nestor of the House of Lords, ashamed to the last of his American origin. The same sentiment seems to have pervaded his family. His sister, who wrote the pretentious biography of her father from which I quote, lays less stress on the eminence which made that parent illustrious than on the fact that he was the father of a real, live Lord.

California Golden Rush Essays - California Gold Rush,

California Golden Rush Shortly after the acquisition of California from Mexico a man by the name of John Sutter arrived in East San Francisco Bay in 1839. Born in Germany he had to leave because he was unable to pay his creditors. With plenty of charm and letters from friends he convinced the Mexican governor of California to award him a land grant of more than 50,000 acres. John Sutter built a stockade and a fort and soon after became referred to as Captain Sutter, and his riverbank establishment Sutters Fort. Sutter chose a location on the south fork of the American River, 50 miles to the south of his fort, to build a sawmill. (Pic. 1) A millrace was dug and wooden gates were opened periodically so that the current would widen and deepen the channel. During his inspection on January 24, 1848 James W. Marshall found the first piece of gold at the end of the race. Over the next decade his discovery would have a profound effect on the experiences of hundreds of thousands of individuals, their families, their communities, and ultimately the nation as a whole. By the winter of 1848, whispers of a gold strike had drifted eastward across the country but few easterners believed it. The gold discovery needed validation, and President Polk was just the one to deliver it. In his opening address to Congress on December 5, 1848 Polk said that at the time of the California acquisition it was known that "mines of the precious metals exsisted to some extent. Recent discoveries render it probable that these mines are more extensive and valuable than was anticipated. The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by authentic reports." (Johnson, 38). With Polk's address making headlines around the world Gold Fever had begun. The future forty-niners now under the influence of Gold Fever had to overcome a cruel journey, miserable living and working conditions, and coming home boom or bust. The trials and tribulations they faced are many and forever carved into American history. Polk's simple words, backing up the claim of gold in California, were a powerful call to action. Farmers left their fields, merchants closed their shops, soldiers left their posts, and all made plans for California. The departing gold seekers faced an immediate problem. There was no railroad to take them there, nor was there a river route. The journey proved to be a incredible test of endurance. There were two ways to get to California either by land or by sea. By land they faced a 2,000 mile trip across rugged landscape (Map 1). Almost everyone going to California overland travelled with a group, which were democratic in nature. Contracts were signed that spelled out rules of conduct, especially with respect to participation and sharing of duties. The journey across the plains varied in length and difficulty, and because it was so severe a test it was one the gold seekers would never forget if they survived it. There were tens of thousands of men and women on the trail and all they could think about was gold as they crept along at two miles per hour on the dusty trail. At first it was an adventure, but as they pushed farther westward their enthusiasm turned to fear of the indians along the trail. The real danger of the overland journey wasn't the indians, but the lack of water especially the last 200 miles through the deserts of Nevada. Goods and food were cast aside along the trail to lighten the load. "At the beginning of the final stage on the Humboldt River, many 49ers left their wagons and proceeded on foot, using as pack animals the stock horses they had brought for breeding." (Rohrbough, 65). The journey by land was rough but so was the sea voyage. The sea route (Map 2) around the tip of South America often took more than six months and seasickness was rampant in the beginning. The accomodations were severely overcrowded "men were accommodated in tiered berths, usually three men sleeping abreast on platforms barely two feet apart, one above the other." (Johnson, 64). Boredom soon took over and the men took to gambling from morning to night. "Cards and gambling not only drew veteran players, but also rapidly seduced those heretofore innocent of such vices." (Rohrbough, 59). The food was often full of bugs, and the meat was often rotten. Water stored for

Dementia

Dementia University of CanberraFaculty of HealthDiscipline of Nutrition and DieteticsEXTENSION REQUEST FORMRequest for extensions must be made prior to the due date and supported by a medical certificate, counselling certificate or other appropriate evidence.If an extension is granted, this form will be signed by the Unit Convenor.Keep a copy of the form for your own records and attach the original form to the back of your assignment.Student Name:Mona SharmaStudent ID:3065807Name of Unit:Nutrition and DiseaseUnit No:8255Name of Assignment orAssessment Task:Dementia EssayDue Date:26/09/14Tutor's name:Ms Nerida VolkeTutorial time:3:30-5:30 ThursdaySignature of Unit Convener:Cathy Knight AgarwalDate of Approval:24/09/14This assignment is now due on*Friday03/10/145:00pmDayDateTime*Penalties will be deducted as per the Unit Outline if the assignment is not received by the above date.Deutsch: Titelblatt des dritten Bandes der Essais ...Further information on the prizes, including the judging criter ia will be distributed in tutorials and on Moodle.Instructions:"Dementia is a mental health disorder that is common in the elderly and has been associated with poor nutritional status."Discuss this statement providing evidence for nutrition-related factors associated with the development of dementia and translate this evidence into prevention strategies for this disease.

Everyday Violence In Britain Between 1850 And 1950 Research Paper

Everyday Violence In Britain Between 1850 And 1950 - Research Paper Example Taking into consideration a period of 100 years observing and analyzing social patterns associated with violence in everyday Britain between 1850 and 1900, this research proposal aims at propositioning a research to the investigation. It is logical to argue that crime does not change over time.   The research, titled ‘Everyday Violence in Britain between 1850 and 1950’ aims at analyzing the role of society members such as men, women, children, families, as well as family friends in the instigation of violence in Britain between 1850 and 1950 (D’Cruze, & Crewe, 2014; Rowbotham, 2005).   The research is backed up by historical accounts in secondary sources such as journal articles as well as published books.   The choice of the topic considers a book of the same name as the topic in which the authors, Crewe and D’Cruze (2014) show how men and women equally contributed to violence with special features of feuds leading to escalated acts of violence.  T he research question for this study is â€Å"Is Britain’s 1850-1950’s Everyday Violence an Indication of Early British Acts of Crime? The research question is merited by the fact that violence in Britain did not always start as an attack but at times it started as acts of self-defense among other incidents (Frost, 2008).   However, based on the escalation-scale of recorded accounts, the research question helps in determining where the Briton drew the moral line to render violent attacks acts of crime or not.

Psychological theories of personality (SLP) Essay

Psychological theories of personality (SLP) - Essay Example There are 16 possible psychological types identified by the MBTI psychological model. Using the MBTI model we learn of the four dichotomies of psychological preferences (Bayne, 1997). This model is useful in dictating the character of an individual. The MBTI scores are used in the determination of attitudes and feelings. Attitudes are used to measure the factors of extraversion and introversion (Ewen, 2003). While, functions are divided into perceiving functions of sensing and intuition and the judging functions are made up of thinking and feeling. The interaction of one or more preferences in the MBTI is referred to as type dynamics. On the other hand, the five factor theory is used as a descriptive measure of the human personality. This model contains the five factors of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Through this model openness can be described as the ability to appreciate a lot of emotion, adventure or new ideas (Quenk, 2009). While, conscientiousness is a trait that makes a person behave obediently and exhibit self discipline. All these factors have been extensively tested and found to have strong correlation to human character traits. The FFM (five factor models) use has confirmed high validity and conformity scores to common human behavior traits. For instance, a research was conducted on a population of approximately 24, 000 people using 162 samples and conscientiousness trait matched all the set performance criteria. However, the FFM has been criticized as being limited to a ssessing all human character traits since the model is mainly based on predicting character (Quenk, 2009). The comparison of MBTI and FFM show that the two models have the tendency of being similar. The correlation between the two set of personality models show that four of the MBTI measures are related to the big five personality models in the FFM. Extraversion and

Literacies for learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literacies for learning - Essay Example 8. Ward, D., 2007, Volcanoes Influence Climate, 7th June 2007, Accessed on 27th August 2009, Retrieved from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/climate/geosphere_volcanoes_influence_on_climate.html It was back in 1783, that Benjamin Franklin first developed a relationship between the volcanos and the global climate. He had observed a vast change and abnormal chill that had come into the summers and also the other changes like the freezing of the ground, snow not melting and also severe winters and constant fog. Post this there have been several researches that have been carried out to check for the effects of volcanos on the global climate. I support the fact that volcanos do in fact affect the world climate. There are several reasons why the large volcanic eruptions have high effects on the global climate. Firstly, it has been noted that the levels of carbon – di – oxide that is emitted has a strong ‘greenhouse effect’. This effects the heat radiation and forms a type of insulation around the planet. The green house is an essential part of the planet as it allows the survival by maintaining the temperatures of the planet. The level of CO2 that is emitted in the atmosphere by humans is very high and the volcanos add to this level of pollution. Secondly, the ash and the aerosol clouds of the large volcanic eruptions spread through the atmosphere. One of the best examples for this is the case where the Krakatau volcano erupted in the Indonesian Islands and this spread to South Africa by the next day and across the Globe within a week. The other effects that have been faced is the global warming, and the high levels of sulphur – di –oxide that is produced by the volcanos also leads to further cooling of the temperatures across the world. Thus this exposition highlights that there are several effects of volcanos on the global temperatures and the

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan 1.0 VEHICLE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES 1.01 Policy: In order to reduce the cost and risk of operating and managing a motor vehicle fleet, Citibank Trinidad and Tobago Ltd will establish a comprehensive group of procedures governing the control, utilization, and maintenance of Business owned vehicles. 1.02 Scope: These policy and procedures specify the requirements for utilization, operation, and maintenance of all Citibank controlled motor vehicles. This includes vehicles owned or leased by the Business, rental vehicles, and personally owned vehicles used on Citibank business. 2.0 VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.01 Administrative Responsibility: In accordance with this policy, Citibank has delegated the administration of the motor vehicle fleet to the Building Superintendents. The Building Superintendent has the administrative responsibility of requesting the purchase, replacement, maintenance, control, and assignment of all Citibank vehicles. The Building Superintendents will act as the point of contact with the GSU Department and will be responsible for observing and enforcing the fleet management policies and procedures at Citibank. 2.02 Staff /Vendor Responsibility: All employees/couriers who utilize Citibank owned vehicles, vehicles rented/leased to Citibank or who use their personal vehicles on Official Citibank business and are reimbursed for mileage shall adhere to the Vehicle Fleet Management Policy and Procedures as written. 3.0 DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this policy, the following definitions shall apply. 3.01 Employee: Anyone appointed to work for Citibank/Marketspace in a manner that causes their name to appear on the payroll as a full or part time employee; and they are routinely scheduled to work more than thirty (30) hours a week. 3.02 Course and Scope of Employment: An employee is within the course and scope of employment when he or she is engaged in activities that are related to the mission of Citibank and are in the furtherance of its affairs or business, whether on the Citibanks premises or elsewhere. 3.03 Activities: Citibank related activities are those activities that are consistent with Citibanks mission and that are approved by the appropriate administrative department. 3.04 Motor Vehicle: A motor vehicle is defined as a vehicle that is licensed and legal to operate on the roadways. This includes Citibank fleet vehicles and any vehicles rented or leased by the business for Citibank related activities. 3.05 Highway: The entire width between property lines of any road, street, way, thoroughfare, or bridge in this country not privately owned or controlled, when any part thereof is open to the public for vehicular traffic, and over which the State has legislative jurisdiction and police power. 3.06Vehicle Inspection Form: A form that is used by the Fleet Managers designee to evaluate and record the condition of each vehicle on a routine basis 3.07 Operate: To be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon any highway. 3.08 Minor motor vehicle accident: Repair cost- TTD$0.00 $6,000.00 3.09 Major motor vehicle accident: Repair cost TTD$6,000.01 and above. 3.10 The Vendor/Courier: Marketspace Limited Courier Services contracted by the bank 4.0 TRAVEL USING CITIBANK OWNED VEHICLES 4.01 Appropriate Use: Vehicles should be used only by persons who are acting within the course and scope of Citi related activities or employment. 4.02 Eligible Drivers: In addition to meeting all other criteria in this policy, only those persons whose names appear on Marketspaces designee sheet and are regularly scheduled to work more that Thirty (30) hours a week or any Citi Employee given such authorization should be asked or allowed to use Citibank owned motor vehicles. 4.03 Secondary Drivers: Trips of long duration may require a secondary driver to assist the designated driver. A secondary driver must have their travel appropriately authorized prior departing the premises. 4.04 Passengers: A. Family members: Unless a family member is also an employee or participation of such a person is approved as part of a sanctioned event of this institution; each Marketspace/Citibank Employee who operates a Citibank-owned vehicle should be made aware that there is no liability coverage for members of any employee drivers immediate family who are passengers in Citibank-owned vehicles. B. Hitchhikers: Hitchhikers are not allowed to ride in any fleet vehicle. 5.0 TRAVEL USING PERSONAL VEHICLES 5.01 Notice of Potential for Personal Liability: Citibank recognizes that employees occasionally use personal vehicles while engaged in Citibank-related activities. Because personal automobile insurance will be looked to first in the event of an accident, all persons who use their vehicles while conducting Citibank business should be made aware of the possibility of personal liability related to such use. The Bank does provide limited secondary liability coverage for damages arising from use of a personal vehicle; however, members of the drivers family and other employee are excluded from coverage under that policy. 5.02 Reimbursement for Costs of Using Personal Vehicles: Mileage costs related to any significant use of personal vehicles to conduct Citibank-related business may be reimbursed to employees upon approval of department head. 5.03 Use of Personal Vehicles Not Required: No individual shall be mandated to use his or her vehicle to perform Citibank-related activities. 6.0 TRAVEL USING RENTAL VEHICLES 6.01 Travel Authorization: Rentals are only for employees whose travel is â€Å"authorized† by Citi. Authorization requires written approval from the head of the traveling employees department and the CCO/SCOO. 6.03 Use of Travel Agent: Rentals under the Bank-negotiated contracts or using local funds should be arranged through an Approved Vendor 7.0 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 7.01 Driver Requirements: All Marketspace/Citibank employees who may be called upon to drive a Citibank vehicle shall have a Valid Drivers Permit as required by law. The records will be obtained and maintained by the GSU Department assisted by the Building Superintendents. An acceptable rating to for any person to operate a Citibank vehicle shall be no more then three (3) minor motor vehicle accidents (not at fault) or one minor at-fault motor vehicle accident per year. Any more than one (1) major at-fault motor vehicle accident every Two (2) years would result in the Driver being suspended if it is a Marketspace employee or all motor vehicle access privileges revoked if a Citi Employee. An employee with a rating of more than the specified amount must attend a defensive driver training class and would also stand the cost of any repairs to any further motor vehicle accidents. It would be the responsibility of the Marketspace/Citibank employee to schedule required remedial training on his or her own time and bear the cost of this training. ` Other violations Type A Violations Driving while intoxicated (alcohol or drugs). Homicide arising out of the use of a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle during a period of suspension or revocation of an operators license. Using a motor vehicle for the commission of a felony. Aggravated assault with a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle without the owners permission (stolen vehicle). Permitting an un-licensed person to drive. Reckless driving. Hit and run involving bodily injury and/or physical damage. Type B Violations All moving violations not listed as Type A violations. 7.02 MVR Review Schedule: A motor vehicle record (MVR) shall be obtained on all employees whose job duties would include driving a Citibank owned, rented, or personal vehicle while on Citibank business. The MVR shall be reviewed and updated regularly based on the following schedule: Prior to employment: The Human Resources Department will ensure that prospective employees requiring an MVR submit copies of drivers license and if applicable copies of all defensive driving records. All copies of the records would be sent to the GSU Department for maintenance. For all Marketspace employees, GSU would maintain all records and files with the assistance of the Building Superintendent. Annually: The driving records of all Marketspace/Citi employees who are required to drive will be reviewed annually by the GSU Department. The employees department head and the Building Superintendents will be notified of any change in the drivers status. Upon notification of an accident or citation: If a Citibank/Marketspace employee has been involved in a motor vehicle accident or receives a traffic citation while operating a Citibank Vehicle, it is the employees responsibility to notify the GSU Department and their supervisor/manager of the change in their driver status. Failure to make such notification in a timely manner could result in a revocation of driving privileges, and /or disciplinary action. Upon notification of suspension, revocation or expiration of the operators license: Driving privileges are automatically suspended when a Marketspace or Citibank employee valid drivers license has been suspended, revoked, or expired. It is mandatory that the employee inform their supervisor/ manager when such a suspension, revocation, or expiration occurs. Individuals who do not have a valid drivers license are forbidden from operating any Bank-owned or rented vehicles. They are also banned from driving personal vehicles on Citibank business while collecting for mileage. 7.03 MVR Administrative Responsibility: The Building Superintendents shall maintain a list of all regular drivers. Information gathered as part of this program shall be confidential. Assignment of additional driver training will be the responsibility of the GSU Head. A courier may be required to bear the expense and time of any remedial training assigned due to a poor rating. Driver training can include, but is not limited, to: Defensive driving classes One-day seminars on driving improvement Driver training videos on needed specific driving skills. 8.0 VEHICLE OPERATIONS 8.01 Vehicle Reservations: A vehicle may be requested by completing a Vehicle Request Form (including authorizing signature) or by having the authorizing agent E-Mail a request. A separate form is required for each vehicle or trip requested. The request for vehicle reservations should be made at least forty eight (48) hours in advance if possible. Vehicles are generally available on a first come, first serve basis but should a conflict arise the Administration will determine vehicle availability and make the assignment. 8.02 Vehicle Pick-up/Drop-off: A reserved vehicle may be picked up or dropped off by the authorized driver at the Banks basement car park under the supervision of security. 8.03 Citibank Fleet Management Obligations: Citibank will provide vehicles that are in safe and good driving condition. Building Superintendent will be responsible monitoring the care and maintenance of vehicles; keeping up with items such as inspections, manufacture recalls and general preventive maintenance of the vehicles. The Building Superintendent will provide the GSU Department with all required information on the maintenance and utilization of the fleet. It will also be the responsibility of the Building Superintendent to assure that the vehicles to be used by people having reservations are clean and have been serviced appropriately for their trip. The Building Superintendent in conjunction with the GSU Department will use information gathered from the fleet management program to determine appropriate repair and replacement schedules for the Banks vehicles. 8.04 Driver Obligations: The following conditions apply to all drivers who use Citibank vehicles. Drivers should read these obligations carefully before operating a Citibank vehicle. Caution: The driver of the vehicle has ultimate responsibility for seeking and possessing information about driving safety and applicable laws. Citibank will not be responsible for any traffic citations resulting from the actions of the driver. The driver must: Have a valid Trinidad Tobago drivers license, appropriate for the weight and class vehicle that they are operating. Have a current courier/vehicle operator file with the GSU Dept. Notify their supervisor and GSU Department of any change in his or her license status. This includes notification of moving violations and/or traffic accidents. Complete a Vehicle Use Report and maintain a detailed record of expenses such as fueling or emergency mechanical work. Wear seat belts when driving or occupying a Citibank vehicle. Assume responsibility for any and all fines or traffic violations associated with your use of a Citibank vehicle. Never drive while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This includes â€Å"over the counter† or prescription medication that may effect the drivers ability. Never transport passengers such as hitchhikers, family members, or friends for unauthorized use. Turn the vehicle ignition off, remove the keys, and lock the vehicle when you leave it unattended. Never drive the vehicle at speeds that are inappropriate for the road conditions. Report all accidents to the Building Superintendent and to the police department in the jurisdiction where the accident occurred. Not allow smoking in the vehicle. Not eat, drink, or operate any equipment that may distract or interfere with the safe operation of the vehicle. Not use radar/laser detection devices or wear headphones/earphones while operating the vehicle. Exercise caution when using cellular phones. Refer to Section 8.05 below. Observe traffic laws at all times. Drive courteously and defensively. Return the vehicle free of litter, noting any problems with the vehicle on the Vehicle Use Report. 8.05 Cell Phone Use: As a general rule, the use of Business-owned and personal cellular phones while operating a moving vehicle has restrictions/guidelines for use due to the distraction and lack of concentration presented to safe driving performance. As a driver, your first responsibility is to pay attention to the road. Conversations should be kept to an absolute minimum. Do not read, look up an address, lookup phone numbers, or attempt to write or take notes while driving. Place your cellular phone in your vehicle where it is easily accessible without removing your eyes from the road. When possible, plan your calls before you begin your trip, or call when your vehicle is stopped at a stop sign or red light. Attempt to dial and place all calls when you are not moving or have a passenger use the phone. Learn and use the pre-programmed number dial features of your phone. Practice using this feature for commonly dialed numbers before driving so you are familiar with the procedures. If you absolutely need to dial while driving, assess the traffic and dial only a few numbers at a time. If your phone rings when you are driving especially during hazardous road and/or heavy traffic conditions let your cellular voice mail service take the call and listen to the message later when you are parked, or pull over before answering, if traffic conditions permit. Let the person you are speaking to know you are driving and that the call may need to be suspended at any time. Suspend conversations during hazardous driving conditions or situations. Do not engage in stressful or emotional conversations while driving. A stressful or emotional phone conversation while driving is distracting and potentially dangerous. If necessary, suspend the phone conversation. Use your cellular phone to call for help or to help others in emergencies. However, do not place yourself or others in danger while doing so. If you see an auto accident, crime in progress, or other serious emergency where lives are in danger, call the relevant emergency service/s and give the exact location and information to them, 8.06 Reporting of Accidents or Damage: The driver is responsible for the immediate reporting of any accidents or damage incurred while operating a Citibank vehicle. An incident should be first reported to the nearest police station having jurisdiction. Notify the GSU Department and the supervisor as soon as practicable after any accident or incident resulting in injury or damage to the vehicle. When you have an accident, you must: Get immediate medical attention if you or your passengers are injured. Keep calm and avoid arguments over blame. Make no statements concerning guilt or fault. Never agree to make payments for the accident. Notify the police; a police report may be necessary for some insurance claims. Discuss the accident only with police officers, the Banks insurance claims adjuster, or a GSU officer. Record as much information as you can on all other parties to the accident. This information may include names of individuals involved, drivers license number, addresses, vehicle make, model and year, witness names and telephone numbers. Dont forget to get the name of the city in which the accident occurred and the name of the investigating officer. Fill out a Vehicle Accident Report and forward it to the GSU Officer as soon as possible. Use the insurance carrier provided form in your vehicle to record information concerning the accident. This form has information about our carrier, tips on gathering information at the accident scene and a space for writing down the important information. 9.0 FLEET SIZE AND MAINTENANCE 9.01 Vehicle Disposal: Once the decision to dispose of the vehicle has been made, the vehicle should be sold as soon as practical. The longer it sits the more it will depreciate. 9.02 Vehicle Replacement Schedule: Consideration should be given to age of the vehicle, mileage, and the cost of maintenance. 9.03 Vehicle Acquisition: In order to make best use of the vehicles in the fleet and minimize overall fleet cost, the purchase of a new vehicle should be made only after careful consideration. Some of the factors involved in the decision to purchase should be as follows: Is this a replacement of an existing vehicle? If so, could repairs be made that would be more economical than a purchase? Could a utility vehicle be used in lieu of a motor vehicle? Is the purchase related to a documented need resulting from program growth? Is the vehicle essential to the mission of Citibank? Can the need be documented? 9.04 New Vehicle Delivery: All new vehicles will be inspected by the Fleet Manager or his designee upon delivery. Particular attention will be paid to any damage that might have occurred during shipment. All warranty papers and owner/operator documents will be listed and reviewed prior to accepting delivery. GSU will be notified and provided with all of the required information concerning the addition, as soon as possible, after the Bank accepts a new vehicle into the fleet. The new vehicle will be added to the preventive maintenance schedule for the care of the vehicle. 9.05 Titles and Registration: All original vehicle titles and registration receipts will be acquired and maintained by the GSU Designee. 9.06 Warrantees, Recalls and Inspections: The Fleet Manager or his designee shall be responsible for the review and appropriate response to all factory recall issues. All warranty information and inspection dates will be entered in the Maintenance Schedule reminders will be created to remind the staff of upcoming inspections or service requirements. Also inspections would be done by the Building Superintendents using the Weekly Vehicle Checklist and daily by Marketspace couriers using the daily checklist. 9.07 Preventive Maintenance: Each vehicle in the fleet shall have a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan for regularly scheduled maintenance. This plan shall be based on manufacturer recommendations for the vehicle model, type of use the vehicle typically encounters and Citibanks previous experience in maintaining similar vehicles. Items such as tires, brakes, lubrication / fluids and spark plugs should be placed on a regular maintenance interval. The Building Superintendent will review the PM program annually to determine if the task and frequencies are adequate and if the results indicate the PM program is helpful in maintaining the vehicles and reducing operating cost. 9.08 Fuel Selection: All of the vehicles in the Citibank fleet are designed to operate on â€Å"premium unleaded gasoline†. Unless labeled otherwise, only premium unleaded gasoline should be used when fueling. 9.09 Fuel and Service Credit Cards: Citibank provides commercial fleet fueling at Richmond Street Center, to authorized drivers on an as need basis. It is not permissible for Citibank fueling to be used for any service other than those associated with the operation of Citi owned vehicles on Citibank business.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

The Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane outlines the effects of war on a Union soldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of being a soldier, to his enlistment, and through several battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring life on the farm. He wanted to become a hero in war and have girls loving him for his big achievements in battle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make. He dreamed of the exiting battles of war and the thrill of fighting magnificent battles. He didn't want to stay on the farm with nothing to do, so he made the final decision to enlist. After enlisting he finds himself just sitting around with nothing to do. He manages to make friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. Wilson was as exited about going to war like Henry, while Jim was positive about the success of the new regiment. Henry started to realize after a few days of marching, that their regiment was just wandering pointlessly, and going in circles. They kept marching on without fighting. During time Henry started to think about the battles in a different way, he started to become afraid that he might run from battle when duty calls. When the regiment finally learns of a battle taking place, Jim gives Henry a little packet in a yellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to hold off the rebels for the first charge, but then ...